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     Data Representation in Computer INTRODUCTION Digital techniques have found their way into innumerable areas of tech- nology, but the area of automatic digital computers is by far the most notable and most extensive. As you know, a computer is a system of hardware that performs arithmetic operations, manipulates data, and makes decisions. In science, technology, business, and, in fact, most other fields of endeavor, we are constantly dealing with quantities; so are computers. Quantities are measured, monitored, recorded, manipulated arithmetically, observed, or in some other way utilized in most physical systems. In digital systems like computers, the quantities are represented by symbols called digits. Many number systems are in use in digital technology that represent the digits in various forms. The most common are the decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal systems. This chapter discusses these number systems and the physical representation of digit...

 INTRODUCTION / What is Software? Software is a generic term for organized collections of computer data and instructions, often categorized into two groups: system software that provides the basic non-task- specific functions of the computer; and application software which is used by users to accomplish specific tasks. This chapter is dedicated to the discussion of various software types and the role they play in efficient functioning of a computer. TYPES OF SOFTWARE A computer system consists of hardware and software for its proper functioning. Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of the computer i.e., the components that can be seen and touched. Input devices, output devices, CPU, floppy disk, hard disk etc. are examples of computer hardware. Software represents the set of programs that govern the operation of a computer system and make the hardware run. Broadly there are two categories of software: System Software Application Softwar Following sections discus...

  What is Interpreter? This language processor converts a HLL(High Level Language) program into machine language by converting and executing it line by line. If there is any error in any line, it reports it at the same time and program execution cannot resume until the error is rectified. Interpreter must always be present in the memory every time the program is executed as every time the program is run, it is first interpreted and then executed. For error debugging, interpreter is very much useful as it reports the error(s) at the same time. But once errors are removed, unnecessary usage of memory takes place as it has to be present in the memory always.   What is Compiler? It also converts the HLL program into machine language but the conversion manner is different. It converts the entire HLL program in one go, and reports all the errors of the program along with the line numbers. After all the errors are removed, the program is recompiled, and after that the compiler is not...

 Python Introduction INTRODUCTION The word Python - isn't it scary? Does it bring the image of big reptile that we prefer to see either in jungles or zoo ? Well, it's time to change the image. Now on, you'll remember word Python for its playfulness and pleasant productivity. Confused? Well, Don't be - because, now on you'll get introduced to a new programming language namely 'Python', which promises to make you a big programming fan :-). Python programming language was developed by Guido Van Rossum in February 1991 . Python is based on or influenced with two programming languages:  ABC language, a teaching language created as a replacement of BASIC, and Python is an easy-to-learn yet powerful object oriented programming language. It is a very high level programming language yet as powerful as many other middle-level not sohigh-level languages like C, C++, Java etc. In this chapter, we shall introduce you to playful world of Piquant Python [Word 'Piquant...

Hardware and Software Hardware A computer system also consists of hardware and software for its proper functioning. Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of the computer i.e., the components that can be seen and touched. Or we can say that collectively, the electronic, electrical and mechanical equipment that makes up a computer is called hardware. Input devices, output devices, CPU, hard disk, sound card etc. are all examples of computer hardware. Peripherals. Here you should also know another term (which is ofcourse hardware) -peripherals. The peripherals are the devices that surround the system unit e.g., the keyboard, mouse, speakers, printers, monitors etc.               A computer consists of five primary hardware components: input devices                       memory CPU(Central Processing Unit) output devices storage devices These components work together with s...

 Functional Components of Computer Since a computer follows input-process-output cycle, the first stage is performed in computer by input unit, second stage is performed by its central processing unit and the third stage is performed by output unit. Thus the basic structure of a computer is:- The main memory holds the input and intermidiate output during the processing. What is Input Unit? The input unit is formed by the input devices attached to the computer. Examples of input devices and medium are: Keyboard, mouse, magnetic ink character reader (MICR), optical mark reader(OMR), optical character reader (OCR), joystick etc. The input unit is responsible for taking input and converting it into computer understandable form (the binary code). Since a computer operates on electricity, it can understand only the language of electricity i.e. either ON or OFF or high voltage or low voltage. That means a computer can understand two stages ON/OFF or High/Low voltage or the binary langua...

INTRODUCTION Computers have made great inroads in our everyday life and thinking. They are put to use for all of applications ranging from complex calculations in the field or frontline research, engineering simulations down to teaching, printing books and recreational games. The ease with which computers can process data, store and retrieve it painlessly have made them inevitable in office and business environments. The areas of applications of computers are confined only by limitations on human creativity and imagination. In fact, any task that can be carried systematically, can be performed by a computer. Therefore, it is essential for every educated person today to know about a computer, strengths, its weaknesses and its internal structure. And that is what we are going to explain in this chapter. COMPUTERS ARE EVERYWHERE We are surrounded by computers. Many of us have smart-phones, sophisticated gadgets etc. ; most of us are familiar with ATMs ; term Internet is known to even the ...